Main Article Content
Abstract
This study was conducted to assess the effects of probiotic or prebiotic dietary supplements on the nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation characteristics and productive performance of local Iraqi goat kids. A concentrate feed mixture (CFM) and alfalfa hay were provided to the kids in the control group. Kids in T1 and T2 groups received CFM supplemented with probiotics or prebiotics at a rate of 3 g/head/day, respectively. Fifteen males’ Iraqi local kids aged three months and weighed 16.22 kg ± 2.3 were used. The kids were randomly assigned into the three nutritional groups. Kids fed probiotics show superiority to those in the control group in their final body weight, total gain, average daily gain, total feed intake and feed conversion ratio (5.84 vs 6.65 kg/ kg). The group that received probiotic supplements had the highest Dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, crude fiber, and ether extract digestibility. pH, total VFA and propionate% increased with the addition of probiotics or prebiotics compared to the control group. Whereas, the control group recorded the highest acetate% followed by the probiotics (63.27%) and prebiotics group (64.26%). The total bacterial count of the probiotics group was higher than that of the prebiotics or a control group. Feeding growing kids rations supplemented with probiotics or prebiotics at a rate of 3 g/head/day has a positive impact on the growth performance, rumen parameters, digestibility coefficients, and rumen microbes of Iraqi goats.
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References
- Al Emarah, M.K., Kazerani1, H. R., Taghizad1, F., Dehghani1, H. &Elahi1, M. (2023). Anti‑obesity effect of the bacterial product nisin in an NIH Swiss mouse model. Lipids in Health and Disease 23, (1),788. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-023-01788-1
- Amin, A. B., & Mao, S. (2021). Influence of yeast on rumen fermentation, growth performance and quality of products in ruminants: A review. Animal nutrition (Zhongguo xu mu shou yi xue hui), 7(1), 31–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2020.10.005
- Ban, Y. & Guan, L.L. (2021). Implication and challenges of direct-fed microbial supplementation to improve ruminant production and health. Journal Animal Science Biotechnology 12, 109 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-021-00630-x
- Biçer, Y., Telli, A. E., Sönmez, G., Turkal, G., Telli, N., & Uçar, G. (2021). Comparison of commercial and traditional kefir microbiota using metagenomic analysis. International Journal of Dairy Technology, 74(3), 528-534. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-0307.12789.
- Bouchicha, A. E. B., Mimoune, N., Djouadi, S., Kalem, A., Kaidi, R., & Khelef, D. (2021). Probiotic effect on reserve mobilization in late-stage pregnancy in goats. Veterinarska Stanica, 53(1), 105-109. https://doi.org/10.46419/vs.53.1.2
- Chaucheyras-Durand F., Walker N. D. & Bach A. (2008). Effects of active dry yeasts on the rumen microbial ecosystem: past, present and future. Anim Feed Science Technology 145, 5-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.04.019
- Dimov, S. G. (2022). The unusual microbiota of the traditional Bulgarian dairy product Krokmach – A pilot metagenomics study. International Journal of Dairy Technology, 75(1), 139-149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-0307.12809.
- Ding, J., Zhou, Z. M., Ren, L. P., & Meng, Q. X. (2008). Effect of monensin and live yeast supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass characteristics and ruminal fermentation parameters in lambs fed steam-flaked corn-based diets. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 21(4), 547-554. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2008.70353
- Elliethy, M. A., Abdel Fattah, M. A. & Marwan, A. A. (2022). Influence of prebiotic, probiotic and symbiotic supplementation on digestibility, haemobiochemical profile and productive performance in Barki lambs. Egyptian Journal Nutrition and Feeds, 25, (2): 199-210. https://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ejnf.2022.256903
- Galip, N. (2006). Effect of supplemental yeast culture and sodium bicarbonate on ruminal fermentation and blood variables in rams. Journal Animal Physiology Animal Nutrition (Berl) 90, 446-452. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0396.2006.00625.x
- Haddad, S. G., & Goussous, S. N. (2005). Effect of yeast culture supplementation on nutrient intake, digestibility and growth performance of Awassi lambs. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 118(3-4), 343-348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2004.10.003.
- He, S., Zhang, R., Wang, R., Wu, D., Dai, S., Wang, Z., Chen, T., Mao, H., & Li, Q. (2024). Responses of nutrient utilization, rumen fermentation and microorganisms to different roughage of dairy buffaloes. BMC microbiology, 24(1), 188. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-024-03342-0
- Iranmanesh, M. (2021). Quality and Health Aspects of Dairy Foods as Affected by Probiotic Bacteria and Their Metabolites. In: Mojgani, N., Dadar, M. (eds) Probiotic Bacteria and Postbiotic Metabolites: Role in Animal and Human Health. Microorganisms for Sustainability, vol 2. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0223-8_11
- Jia, P., Cui, K., Ma, T., Wan, F., Wang, W., Yang, D., Wang, Y., Guo, B., Zhao, L., & Diao, Q. (2018). Influence of dietary supplementation with Bacillus licheniformis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae as alternatives to monensin on growth performance, antioxidant, immunity, ruminal fermentation and microbial diversity of fattening lambs. Scientific Reports, 8 (1), 16712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-35081-4.
- Kholif A. E., Anele, A., Uchenna Y. & Anele, U. Y. (2024). Microbial feed additives in ruminant feeding. AIMS Microbiology, 10, 3: 542-571. https://doi.org/10.3934/microbiol.2024026
- Kiernan, D.P., O'Doherty, J.V., & Sweeney, T. (2023). The effect of maternal probiotic or synbiotic supplementation on sow and offspring gastrointestinal microbiota, health, and performance. Animals, 13, 2996. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13192996.
- Kowalik B., Michałowski T., Pająk J. J, Taciak M, Zalewska M (2011). The effect of live yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and their metabolites on ciliate fauna, fibrolytic and amylolytic activity, carbohydrate digestion and fermentation in the rumen of goats. Journal Animal Feed Science 20, 526-536. https://doi.org/10.22358/jafs/66206/2011
- Lettat, A., Noziere, P., Silberberg, M., Morgavi D. P., Berger, C. & Martin C. (2012). Rumen microbial and fermentation characteristics are affected differently by bacterial probiotic supplementation during induced lactic and subacute acidosis in sheep. BMC Microbiol 12, 142. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-12-142
- Mendoza G. D, Britton R. A. & Stock R. A (1993). Influence of ruminal protozoa on site and extent of starch digestion and rumen fermentation. Journal Animal Science 71, 1572-1578. https://doi.org/10.2527/1993.7161572x
- MAFF (Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food). (1975). Energy Allowances and Feeding Systems for Ruminants. Technical Bulletin 33. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, UK. https://wellcomecollection.org/works/ey8cqebf.
- Mohamed, M., Abdou, S., Hassan, E., & Suliman, A. (2022). Effect of probiotics supplementation on productive performance of growing lambs. Archives of Agriculture Sciences Journal, 5(2), 21-33. http://doi.org/10.21608/aasj.2022.123927.1108
- Mukhtar, N., Sarwar, M., & Sheikh, M. A. (2010). Growth response of growing lambs fed on concentrate with or without ionophores and probiotics. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology (Pakistan), 12(5). https://agris.fao.org/search/en/providers/122650/records/64725324e17b74d2224fd338
- Osman, A., Osafo, E. L., Attoh-Kotoku, V. & Yunus, A. (2023). Effects of supplementing probiotics and concentrate on intake, growth performance and blood profile of intensively kept Sahelian does fed a basal diet of Brachiaria decumbens grass, Journal of Applied Animal Research, 51, 414-423, https://doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2023.2211652
- Sahoo, R., Nayyar, S., Singh, C., Kaswan, S., Kakkar, S. S., & Jindal, R. (2020). Effect of fenugreek seeds and probiotic supplementation on antioxidant status and milk production in heat stressed Beetal goats. Indian Journal of Animal Research, 54, (11):1379-1384.
- https://doi.org/10.18805/ijar.B-3892
- Saleem, A. M., Zanouny, A. I., & Singer, A. M. (2017). Growth performance, nutrients digestibility, and blood metabolites of lambs fed diets supplemented with probiotics during pre- and post-weaning period. Asian-Australasian journal of animal sciences, 30(4), 523–530. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.16.0691
- Siddiqui, M. B. A., Pawar, N. B., Kharwadkar, M. D., Ali, S. S., Munde, V. K., & Wankar, A. K. (2022). Effect of probiotic supplementation on growth performance of Osmanabadi kids. The Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 92(11), 1364-1367. https://doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v92i11.125037
- Sivadasan, K.S. and Subramannian, S. (2020). Comparison of growth performance of goat kids under supplementation with different probiotics. Journal Animal Research, 10, (6): 1063-1065. https://doi.org/10.30954/2277-940X.06.2020.28.
- Soren NM, Tripathi MK, Bhatt RS, Karim SA (2013). Effect of yeast supplementation on the growth performance of Malpura lambs. Trop Animal Health Production 45, 547-554. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-012-0257-3
- SPSS (2019) IBM Corp. Released 2019. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 26.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.
- Tripathi M. K, Karim S. A, Chaturvedi O. H. & Verma D. L (2008). Effect of different liquid cultures of live yeast strains on performance, ruminal fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in lambs. Journal Animal Physiology Animal Nutrition (Berl) 92, 631-639. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0396.2007.00759.x
- Tripathi M. K. & Karim S. A. (2011). Effect of yeast cultures supplementation on live weight change, rumen fermentation, ciliate protozoa population, microbial hydrolytic enzymes status and slaughtering performance of growing lamb. Livestock Science 135, 17-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2010.06.007
- Williams P. E. V. & Newbold CJ (1990) Rumen probiosis: the effects of novel micro-organisms on rumen fermentation and ruminant productivity. In: Haresign W, Cole DJA (eds) Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition Butterworths, London, UK, pp 211-227.
- https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-408-04150-8.50018-9
- Whitley N. C., Cazac D, Rude B. J., Jackson-O’Brien D. & Parveen S. (2009). Use of commercial probiotics supplement in meat goat. Journal Animal Science, 2, 87:723–728. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2008-1031
- Zeedan, G. S. G., Abdalhamed, A. M., & Ghazy, A. A. (2023). Strategies for Prevention and Control of Multidrug-resistant Bacteria in Ruminants. World's Veterinary Journal, 13 (1), 45-56. https://doi.org/10.54203/scil.2023.wvj5.
References
Al Emarah, M.K., Kazerani1, H. R., Taghizad1, F., Dehghani1, H. &Elahi1, M. (2023). Anti‑obesity effect of the bacterial product nisin in an NIH Swiss mouse model. Lipids in Health and Disease 23, (1),788. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-023-01788-1
Amin, A. B., & Mao, S. (2021). Influence of yeast on rumen fermentation, growth performance and quality of products in ruminants: A review. Animal nutrition (Zhongguo xu mu shou yi xue hui), 7(1), 31–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2020.10.005
Ban, Y. & Guan, L.L. (2021). Implication and challenges of direct-fed microbial supplementation to improve ruminant production and health. Journal Animal Science Biotechnology 12, 109 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-021-00630-x
Biçer, Y., Telli, A. E., Sönmez, G., Turkal, G., Telli, N., & Uçar, G. (2021). Comparison of commercial and traditional kefir microbiota using metagenomic analysis. International Journal of Dairy Technology, 74(3), 528-534. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-0307.12789.
Bouchicha, A. E. B., Mimoune, N., Djouadi, S., Kalem, A., Kaidi, R., & Khelef, D. (2021). Probiotic effect on reserve mobilization in late-stage pregnancy in goats. Veterinarska Stanica, 53(1), 105-109. https://doi.org/10.46419/vs.53.1.2
Chaucheyras-Durand F., Walker N. D. & Bach A. (2008). Effects of active dry yeasts on the rumen microbial ecosystem: past, present and future. Anim Feed Science Technology 145, 5-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.04.019
Dimov, S. G. (2022). The unusual microbiota of the traditional Bulgarian dairy product Krokmach – A pilot metagenomics study. International Journal of Dairy Technology, 75(1), 139-149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-0307.12809.
Ding, J., Zhou, Z. M., Ren, L. P., & Meng, Q. X. (2008). Effect of monensin and live yeast supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass characteristics and ruminal fermentation parameters in lambs fed steam-flaked corn-based diets. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 21(4), 547-554. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2008.70353
Elliethy, M. A., Abdel Fattah, M. A. & Marwan, A. A. (2022). Influence of prebiotic, probiotic and symbiotic supplementation on digestibility, haemobiochemical profile and productive performance in Barki lambs. Egyptian Journal Nutrition and Feeds, 25, (2): 199-210. https://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ejnf.2022.256903
Galip, N. (2006). Effect of supplemental yeast culture and sodium bicarbonate on ruminal fermentation and blood variables in rams. Journal Animal Physiology Animal Nutrition (Berl) 90, 446-452. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0396.2006.00625.x
Haddad, S. G., & Goussous, S. N. (2005). Effect of yeast culture supplementation on nutrient intake, digestibility and growth performance of Awassi lambs. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 118(3-4), 343-348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2004.10.003.
He, S., Zhang, R., Wang, R., Wu, D., Dai, S., Wang, Z., Chen, T., Mao, H., & Li, Q. (2024). Responses of nutrient utilization, rumen fermentation and microorganisms to different roughage of dairy buffaloes. BMC microbiology, 24(1), 188. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-024-03342-0
Iranmanesh, M. (2021). Quality and Health Aspects of Dairy Foods as Affected by Probiotic Bacteria and Their Metabolites. In: Mojgani, N., Dadar, M. (eds) Probiotic Bacteria and Postbiotic Metabolites: Role in Animal and Human Health. Microorganisms for Sustainability, vol 2. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0223-8_11
Jia, P., Cui, K., Ma, T., Wan, F., Wang, W., Yang, D., Wang, Y., Guo, B., Zhao, L., & Diao, Q. (2018). Influence of dietary supplementation with Bacillus licheniformis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae as alternatives to monensin on growth performance, antioxidant, immunity, ruminal fermentation and microbial diversity of fattening lambs. Scientific Reports, 8 (1), 16712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-35081-4.
Kholif A. E., Anele, A., Uchenna Y. & Anele, U. Y. (2024). Microbial feed additives in ruminant feeding. AIMS Microbiology, 10, 3: 542-571. https://doi.org/10.3934/microbiol.2024026
Kiernan, D.P., O'Doherty, J.V., & Sweeney, T. (2023). The effect of maternal probiotic or synbiotic supplementation on sow and offspring gastrointestinal microbiota, health, and performance. Animals, 13, 2996. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13192996.
Kowalik B., Michałowski T., Pająk J. J, Taciak M, Zalewska M (2011). The effect of live yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and their metabolites on ciliate fauna, fibrolytic and amylolytic activity, carbohydrate digestion and fermentation in the rumen of goats. Journal Animal Feed Science 20, 526-536. https://doi.org/10.22358/jafs/66206/2011
Lettat, A., Noziere, P., Silberberg, M., Morgavi D. P., Berger, C. & Martin C. (2012). Rumen microbial and fermentation characteristics are affected differently by bacterial probiotic supplementation during induced lactic and subacute acidosis in sheep. BMC Microbiol 12, 142. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-12-142
Mendoza G. D, Britton R. A. & Stock R. A (1993). Influence of ruminal protozoa on site and extent of starch digestion and rumen fermentation. Journal Animal Science 71, 1572-1578. https://doi.org/10.2527/1993.7161572x
MAFF (Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food). (1975). Energy Allowances and Feeding Systems for Ruminants. Technical Bulletin 33. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, UK. https://wellcomecollection.org/works/ey8cqebf.
Mohamed, M., Abdou, S., Hassan, E., & Suliman, A. (2022). Effect of probiotics supplementation on productive performance of growing lambs. Archives of Agriculture Sciences Journal, 5(2), 21-33. http://doi.org/10.21608/aasj.2022.123927.1108
Mukhtar, N., Sarwar, M., & Sheikh, M. A. (2010). Growth response of growing lambs fed on concentrate with or without ionophores and probiotics. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology (Pakistan), 12(5). https://agris.fao.org/search/en/providers/122650/records/64725324e17b74d2224fd338
Osman, A., Osafo, E. L., Attoh-Kotoku, V. & Yunus, A. (2023). Effects of supplementing probiotics and concentrate on intake, growth performance and blood profile of intensively kept Sahelian does fed a basal diet of Brachiaria decumbens grass, Journal of Applied Animal Research, 51, 414-423, https://doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2023.2211652
Sahoo, R., Nayyar, S., Singh, C., Kaswan, S., Kakkar, S. S., & Jindal, R. (2020). Effect of fenugreek seeds and probiotic supplementation on antioxidant status and milk production in heat stressed Beetal goats. Indian Journal of Animal Research, 54, (11):1379-1384.
https://doi.org/10.18805/ijar.B-3892
Saleem, A. M., Zanouny, A. I., & Singer, A. M. (2017). Growth performance, nutrients digestibility, and blood metabolites of lambs fed diets supplemented with probiotics during pre- and post-weaning period. Asian-Australasian journal of animal sciences, 30(4), 523–530. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.16.0691
Siddiqui, M. B. A., Pawar, N. B., Kharwadkar, M. D., Ali, S. S., Munde, V. K., & Wankar, A. K. (2022). Effect of probiotic supplementation on growth performance of Osmanabadi kids. The Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 92(11), 1364-1367. https://doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v92i11.125037
Sivadasan, K.S. and Subramannian, S. (2020). Comparison of growth performance of goat kids under supplementation with different probiotics. Journal Animal Research, 10, (6): 1063-1065. https://doi.org/10.30954/2277-940X.06.2020.28.
Soren NM, Tripathi MK, Bhatt RS, Karim SA (2013). Effect of yeast supplementation on the growth performance of Malpura lambs. Trop Animal Health Production 45, 547-554. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-012-0257-3
SPSS (2019) IBM Corp. Released 2019. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 26.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.
Tripathi M. K, Karim S. A, Chaturvedi O. H. & Verma D. L (2008). Effect of different liquid cultures of live yeast strains on performance, ruminal fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in lambs. Journal Animal Physiology Animal Nutrition (Berl) 92, 631-639. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0396.2007.00759.x
Tripathi M. K. & Karim S. A. (2011). Effect of yeast cultures supplementation on live weight change, rumen fermentation, ciliate protozoa population, microbial hydrolytic enzymes status and slaughtering performance of growing lamb. Livestock Science 135, 17-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2010.06.007
Williams P. E. V. & Newbold CJ (1990) Rumen probiosis: the effects of novel micro-organisms on rumen fermentation and ruminant productivity. In: Haresign W, Cole DJA (eds) Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition Butterworths, London, UK, pp 211-227.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-408-04150-8.50018-9
Whitley N. C., Cazac D, Rude B. J., Jackson-O’Brien D. & Parveen S. (2009). Use of commercial probiotics supplement in meat goat. Journal Animal Science, 2, 87:723–728. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2008-1031
Zeedan, G. S. G., Abdalhamed, A. M., & Ghazy, A. A. (2023). Strategies for Prevention and Control of Multidrug-resistant Bacteria in Ruminants. World's Veterinary Journal, 13 (1), 45-56. https://doi.org/10.54203/scil.2023.wvj5.