Main Article Content

Abstract

Moringa oleifera seed solution was used in this study to treat municipal wastewater that were used as the treatment in this study. There were 3 treatments used; treated wastewater, normal tape water and untreated wastewater. The wastewater were collected at main drainage at Batu 7 (5o52’57.2’’N 118o02’39.7”E) and diagnosed based on the pH and EC. Data on plant height (cm), number of leaves, leaves length (cm), chlorophyll, and number of primary branches were taken every week until week 4. For root length (cm), fresh weight (g), dry weight (g) and moisture were taken after the harvesting. The data collected were analyzed by using Statistical Analysis Software (SAS) version 9.4 computer program with experimental design was Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). The means were separated and compared using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 0.05 significant level. M. oleifera seeds solution treated irrigation exhibited positive outcomes for most of the parameters recorded, but response of different vegetables were also different on varied parameters. The increase of pH from untreated waste water (6.40) to sanitized/treated waste water (6.73) and reduction of EC from untreated waste water (367.9) to sanitized/treated waste water (359.1) is the proof of making nutrients more available for plants uptake. From the overall study it is proved that M. oleifera seeds are suitable as the replacement and an alternative besides chemical coagulant to treat wastewater which is cheaper, eco-friendly and sustainable to be used in agricultural irrigation based on all the parameters evaluated in this study.

Keywords

Moringa oleifera Sanitization Toxicity Water pollution Vegetables

Article Details

How to Cite
Alam, M. A. ., Alias, S. B. ., Gobilik, J. ., Mijin, S. B. ., & Khandaker, M. M. (2022). Moringa oleifera Seed Treated Sanitized Water Effect on Growth and Morpho-physiology of Commonly Consumed Vegetables of Malaysia. Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 35(1), 158–172. https://doi.org/10.37077/25200860.2022.35.1.13

References

  1. Ali, F., Rehman, S. U., Tareen, N. M., Ullah, K., Ullah, A., Bibi, T., & Laghari, S. (2019). Effect of waste water treatment on the growth of selected leafy vegetable plants. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 17(2), 1585-1597. http://doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1702_15851597
  2. Asrafuzzaman, M., Fakhruddin, A. N. M., & Hossain, M. A. (2011). Reduction of turbidity of water using locally available natural coagulants. International Scholarly Research Notices, 2011, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.5402/2011/632189
  3. Babu, R., & Chaudhuri, M. (2005). Home water treatment by direct filtration with natural coagulant. Journal of Water and Health, 3(1), 27-30.
  4. Basra, S. M. A., Iqbal, Z., Kha. lil-ur-Rehman, Hafeez-Ur-Rehman, & Ejaz, M. F. (2014). Time course changes in pH, electrical conductivity and heavy metals (Pb, Cr) of wastewater using Moringa oleifera Lam. seed and Alum, a comparative evaluation. Journal of Applied Research and Technology, 12(3), 560-567.
  5. Beltrán-Heredia, J., Sánchez-Martín, J., Muñoz-Serrano, A., & Peres, J. A. (2012). Towards overcoming TOC increase in wastewater treated with Moringa oleifera seed extract. Chemical Engineering Journal, 188, 40-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2012.02.003
  6. Biswas, G. C., Sarkar, A., Rashid, M. H., Shohan, M. H., Islam, M., & Wang, Q. (2015). Assessment of the irrigation feasibility of low-cost filtered municipal wastewater for red amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor L. cv. Surma). International Soil and Water Conservation Research, 3(3), 239-252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2015.07.001
  7. Bozdogan, E. (2015). Possible use of treated wastewater as irrigation water at urban green area. Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology, 3(1), 35-39. https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v3i1.35-39.175
  8. Ci, D., Cui, S., & Liang, F. (2015). Research of statistical method for the number of leaves in plant growth cabinet. MATEC Web of Conferences, 31. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/20153116003
  9. Ding, X., Jiang, Y., Zhao, H., Guo, D., He, L., Liu, F., Zhou, Q., Nandwani, D., Hui, D., & Yu, J. (2018). Electrical conductivity of nutrient solution influenced photosynthesis, quality, and antioxidant enzyme activity of pakchoi (Brassica campestris L. ssp. Chinensis) in a hydroponic system. PloS one, 13(8), e0202090. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202090
  10. Dzulfakar, M. A., Shaharuddin, M. S., Muhaimin, A. A., & Syazwan, A. I. (2011). Risk assessment of aluminum in drinking water between two residential areas. Water (Switzerland), 3(3), 882-893. https://doi.org/10.3390/w3030882
  11. Galal, T. M., Hassan, L. M., Ahmed, D. A., Alamri, S. A. M., Alrumman, S. A., & Eid, E. M. (2021). Heavy metals uptake by the global economic crop (Pisum sativum L.) grown in contaminated soils and its associated health risks. PLoS ONE, 16(6), e0252229.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252229
  12. Grace (2016). Understanding water quality, water EC , and pH. AEssense Applications Scientist. 8pp.
  13. Gupta, S., Gowri, B. S., Lakshmi, A. J., & Prakash, J. (2013). Retention of nutrients in green leafy vegetables on dehydration. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 50(5), 918-925. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-011-0407-z
  14. Hellsing, M. S., Kwaambwa, H. M., Nermark, F. M., Nkoane, B. B., Jackson, A. J., Wasbrough, M. J., & Rennie, A. R. (2014). Structure of flocs of latex particles formed by addition of protein from Moringa seeds. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 460, 460-467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2013.11.038
  15. Kumar, A. Y., & Reddy, M. V. (2007). Effects of municipal sewage irrigation on the growth of tomato plants on sandy soils at Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu, India. Nature Environment and Pollution Technology, 6(4), 549-556.
  16. Mao, P., Guo, L., Gao, Y., Qi, L., & Cao, B. (2019). Effects of seed size and sand burial on germination and early growth of seedlings for coastal Pinus thunbergii Parl. in the Northern Shandong Peninsula, China. Forests, 10(3), 281. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10030281
  17. Marciniak, B. (2019). 2 - Growth and Development. Pp, 8-24. In Coté, C. J., Lerman, J., & Anderson, B. J. (Eds.). A Practice of Anesthesia for Infants and Children. 6th Edition, An Elsevier publication, 1256pp. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-42974-0.00002-1
  18. Marobhe, N. J., & Sabai, S. M. (2021). Treatment of drinking water for rural households using Moringa seed and solar disinfection. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 11(40), 579-590. https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2021.253
  19. Meghzili, B., Souad, B., & Abdelkrim, A. (2016). Risk of residual aluminum in treated Waters with aluminum sulphate. Advances in Research, 6(5), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.9734/AIR/2016/24059
  20. Neha, S., & Karar, P. K. (2017). Reuse of treated domestic wastewater using Moringa oleifera. Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment, 21(9), 44-53.
  21. Oulaï, P. D., Zoué, L. T., & Niamké, S. L. (2016). Nutritive and antioxidant properties of shade dried leafy vegetables consumed in Northern Côte d ’ Ivoire. Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology, 4(2), 84-91. https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v4i2.84-91.552
  22. Prasad, K. N., Shivamurthy, G. G., & S.M. Aradhya, (2008). Ipomoea aquatica, an underutilized green leafy vegetable: a review. International Journal of Botany, 4, 123-129. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijb.2008.123.129
  23. Riccardi, M., Mele, G., Pulvento, C., Lavini, A., D’Andria, R., & Jacobsen, S. E. (2014). Non-destructive evaluation of chlorophyll content in quinoa and amaranth leaves by simple and multiple regression analysis of RGB image components. Photosynthesis Research, 120(3), 263-272. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-014-9970-2
  24. Sengupta, M. E., Keraita, B., Olsen, A., Boateng, O. K., Thamsborg, S. M., Pálsdóttir, G. R., & Dalsgaard, A. (2012). Use of Moringa oleifera seed extracts to reduce helminth egg numbers and turbidity in irrigation water. Water Research, 46(11), 3646-3656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.04.011
  25. Shan, T. C., Matar, M. A., Makky, E. A., & Ali E. N. (2017). The use of Moringa oleifera seed as a natural coagulant for wastewater treatment and heavy metals removal. Applied Water Science, 7, 1369-1376. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-016-0499-8
  26. Thorup-Kristensen, K. (2001). Root growth and soil nitrogen depletion by onion, lettuce, early cabbage and carrot. Acta Horticulturae, 563, 201-206. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2001.563.25
  27. Zavadil, J. (2009). The effect of municipal wastewater irrigation on the yield and quality of vegetables and crops. Soil and Water Research, 4(3), 91-103. https://doi.org/10.17221/40/2008-SWR
  28. Zhou, H., Yang, W. T., Zhou, X., Liu, L., Gu, J. F., Wang, W. L., Zou, J. L., Tian, T., Peng, P. Q., & Liao, B. H. (2016). Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Vegetable Species Planted in Contaminated Soils and the Health Risk Assessment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(3), 289. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13030289