Article Sidebar

Download
Statistic
Read Counter : 0

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Main Article Content

Abstract

Genetically modified organisms (GMO) are the organisms in which genes are altered by a gene modification technique but not by natural mating or DNA recombination. Twenty-two maize genotypes have been screened for detection the genetic modification, which collected from local markets in Baghdad. Three samples were taken for each genotype in the period from December 2023 to January 2024. DNA extraction was done using plantZol kit. The reference material, for positive control of Bt-11, CTAB DNA extraction method was used. Conventional PCR and Quantitative Real-time PCR were used for detection the transgenic maize genotypes.  Three pairs of primers, namely, CaMV-35S, NOS and Bt-11 were used, in addition to genes zein and β-actin. A 77%, 68% and 100% of the samples were found to carry the CaMV35s, Nos, Bt-11 genes according to conventional PCR suggesting widespread presence of GM maize in the Iraqi market. The Ct values of the modified genes were higher than its corresponding of housekeeping gene suggesting a possible high representation of GMO maize in the Iraqi market. The MOM average of CaMV-35S and T-Nos was 1.09 and 1.05 respectively. The copy number average of 22 genotypes of maize samples for Bt-11 was 28.4. The current study showed spread of modified genes and contamination of local genotypes of maize with genetically modified genes. This matter requires a continuous survey of local genotypes of crops grown in the Iraqi environment, with the necessity of activating legislation that limits the spread of genetically modified materials.

Keywords

Maize GMO Bt-11 CamV35S T-Nos

Article Details

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

How to Cite
Ibraheem, D. K. ., & Hamadalla, M. S. . (2025). Identification of some transgenic maize genotypes collected from local markets at Baghdad. Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 38(1), 193–206. Retrieved from https://www.bjas.bajas.edu.iq/index.php/bjas/article/view/2537
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX

References

  1. Aburumman A., Migdadi H., Akash M., Al-Abdallat A., Dewir YH., & Farooq M. (2020). Detection of Genetically Modified Maize in Jordan. GM crops & food,11(3),164-70. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645698.2020.1747353
  2. Al-Salihy, A.; Ismail, E., & Salih, M. (2020). Determination of ZmHKT1, 5 Gene Expression under Different Salt Stresses Using Plant Tissue Culture of Maize (Zea mays L.). Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Science, 51(4), 1226-1230.
  3. https://doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v51i4.1102
  4. Ali, A. M., Ali, A. A., & Abbas, B. A. (2024). Effect of Shelling Time and Sheller Feeding Rate of Locally Sheller in Some Mechanical and Physical Traits of The Process of Maize Shelling. Kufa Journal for Agricultural Sciences, 16(1), 65-72.
  5. https://doi.org/10.36077/kjas/2024/v16i1.10766
  6. Al-Saadi, W.K., Hamdalla, M.S., Aljuaifari, W., 2024. Morphological, Biochemical and Proline-Related Genes Analyses in Resistant and Susceptible Wheat Cultivars in Iraq. Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences 37, 119-133.
  7. Avsar, B., Sadeghi1,S., Turkec, A., & Lucas, S.J.(2020). Identification and Quantitation of Genetically Modified (GM) Ingredients in Maize, Rice, Soybean and Wheat-Containing Retail Foods and Feeds in Turkey. Food Science and Technology, 57(2),787–793.
  8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-019-04080-2
  9. Birchler J.A., & Yang H.(2022). The Multiple Fates of Gene Duplications: Deletion, Hypofunctionalization,Subfunctionalization, Neofunctionalization, Dosage Balance Constraints, and Neutral Variation. Plant Cell,34(7),:2466-74.
  10. https://doi.org/10.1093/plcell/koac076
  11. Branquinho, M.R., Gomes,D.M., Ferreira,R.T., Ferreira ,R.L., & Leitte, P.C. (2013). Detection of Genetically Modified Maize Events in Brazilian Maize-Derived Food Products. Food Science and Technology, 33(3),399-403.DOI: http://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-20612013005000063
  12. Brock, J. R., Scott, T., Lee, A. Y., Mosyakin, S. L., & Olsen, K. M. (2020). Interactions between Genetics and environment Shape Camelina Seed Oil Composition. BMC Plant Biology,20,1-15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-020-02641-8
  13. European Union Reference Laboratory for Genetically Modified Food and Feed (EURL GMFF). (2024).
  14. https://gmo-crl.jrc.ec.europa.eu/
  15. Hassan, W., Hadi, B.H., & Hamdalla, M.Sh.(2019). Evaluation of Maize Hybrids, Their Inbred Lines and Estimation of Genetic Divergence Based on Cluster Analysis. Indian Journal of Ecology, 46 Special Issue (8,: 102-107
  16. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339213000_Evaluation_of_Maize_Hybrids_their_Inbred_Lines_and_Estimation_of_Genetic_Divergence_Based_on_Cluster_Analysis
  17. Heinemann, J. A. (2012). Evaluation of Risks from Creation of Novel RNA Molecules in Genetically Engineered Wheat Plants and Recommendations for Risk Assessment. UCResearch repository; Report 40.
  18. ISAAA. (2011). International Service for The Acquisition of Agri-biotech Application. Available from: URL. http://www.isaaa.org
  19. Ismail, E. N. (2013). Determination of Gene Expression of Salt Tolerant Gene TaGSK1 in Wheat Cultivars. M.S.C. Thesis, institution of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Baghdad, Iraq. PP: 128.
  20. https://doi.org/10.21608/EAJBSH.2014.16832
  21. James, C. (2012). ISAAA briefs. Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops.
  22. https://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/briefs/44/
  23. Lin, H.Y., Chiueh, L.C., & Shih, D.C. (2000). Detection of Genetically Modified Soybeans and Maize by the Polymerase Chain Reaction Method. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 8(3), 8. https://doi.org/10.38212/2224-6614.2836
  24. Lipp, M., Brodmann, P., Pietsch, K., Pauwels, J., & Anklam, E. (1999). IUPAC Collaborative Trial Study of A Method to Detect Genetically Modified Soybeans and Maize in Dried Powder. Journal of Analytical Chemistry and Microbiology International,82(4),923-928.
  25. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10490320/
  26. Majeed, D. (2018). Detection of Salt Tolerance Gene in Three Selected Wheat Genotypes for Salinity Stress under Salinity Conditions. Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 49 (3).
  27. https://doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v49i3.120
  28. Querci, M., Kagkli, D. M., Gatto, F., Foti, N., Maretti, M., & Mazzara, M. (2006). The Analysis of Food Samples for The Presence of Genetically Modified Organisms. Technical Reports-User Manual. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/5277
  29. Rabiei, M., Mehdizadeh, M., Rastegar, H., Vahidi, H., & Alebouyeh, M. (2013). Detection of Genetically Modified Maize in Processed Foods Sold Commercially in Iran by Qualitative PCR. Iranian journal of pharmaceutical research, 12(1), 25. PMCID: PMC3813200
  30. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24250568/
  31. Russell, D. W. S & Sambrook, J. (2006). The Condensed Protocols From Molecular Cloning: A laboratory Manual, Press, Cold Spring Harbor LaboratoryPress.ISBN.0879697725,9780879697723
  32. https://books.google.iq/books/about/The_Condensed_Protocols_from_Molecular_C.html?id=iOloQgAACAAJ&redir_esc=y
  33. Suryani, R. ., Suliansyah, I. ., Warnita, W. ., Zainal, A. ., & Sukartini, S. (2024). The Molecular Characterization of Local Bengkulu Ambon Banana Through Chloroplast Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) Markers. Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 37(1), 36–46.
  34. https://doi.org/10.37077/25200860.2024.37.1.03
  35. Turkec, A., Lucas, S. J., & Karlik, E. (2016). Monitoring The Prevalence of Genetically Modified (GM) Soybean in Turkish Food and Feed Products. Food Control, 59, 766-772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.06.052.
  36. Tuteja N, Verma S, Sahoo R, Raveendar S., & Reddy I.(2012). Recent Advances in The Development of Marker-free Transgenic Plants: Regulation and Biosafety Concern. Journal of Biosciences,37:167-97.
  37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12038-012-9187-5
  38. Wong, M. L., & Medrano, J. F. (2005). Real-time PCR for mRNA Quantitation. Biotechniques, 39(1), 75-85. https://doi.org/10.2144/05391RV01
  39. Wuhaib, K. (2018). Genotypic and Phenotypic Correlation in Maize and Path Coefficient I-Agronomic traits. Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 49(2). https://doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v49i2.462
  40. Yenilmez, E. D., Tuli, A., & Evrüke, İ. C. (2013). Noninvasive Prenatal Diagnosis Experience in The Çukurova Region of Southern Turkey: Detecting Paternal Mutations of Sickle Cell Anemia and β‐thalassemia in Cell‐free Fetal DNA Using High‐resolution Melting Analysis. Prenatal diagnosis, 33(11),1054-1062. https://doi.org/10.1002/pd.4196
  41. Yeung, A. W. K., Tzvetkov, N. T., Gupta, V. K., Gupta, S. C., Orive, G., Bonn G. K., & et al. (2019). Current Research in Biotechnology: Exploring the Biotech Forefront.Current Research in Biotechnology,1,34-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crbiot.2019.08.003
  42. Yousif, E. (2023). Molecular Detection of New Stretomyces SPP. from Iraqi Oil Contaminated Soil. Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 54(5), 1298-1304. https://doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v54i5.1828
  43. Zaidan, S. A., Mohsin, K. H., & Muhsin, S. J. . (2019). Effect of Genotypes and Tillage Systems in some Growth Characteristic of Maize (Zea mays L.). Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 32(2), 7–15. https://doi.org/10.37077/25200860.2019.182
  44. Zimmermann, A., Hemmer, W., Liniger, M., Lüthy, J., & Pauli, U. (1998). A Sensitive Detection Method for Genetically Modified MaisgardTMcorn Using A Nested PCR-System. LWT-Food Science and Technology,31(7-8),664-667. https://doi.org/10.1006/fstl.1998.0422